Many adjectives of emotion and feeling are formed with the -ed or -ing ending, called Participle Modifiers, which designate the source or the receiver of the emotion or feeling.
We use a present participle, ending in -ing, to modify a noun that is the source (or cause) of the feeling or emotion. Present participles come from active verbs and have an active meaning.
verb |
-ed |
-ing |
noun |
You ____ me! |
I’m _____! |
How _____! |
What _____! |
amaze |
amazed |
amazing |
amazement |
amuse |
amused |
amusing |
amusement |
astound |
astounded |
astounding |
astonishment |
captivate |
captivated |
captivating |
captivation |
challenge |
challenged |
challenging |
a challenge |
charm |
charmed |
charming |
charm |
comfort |
comforted |
comforting |
comfort |
concern |
concerned |
concerning |
concern |
convince |
convinced |
convincing |
conviction |
encourage |
encouraged |
encouraging |
encouragement |
energize |
energized |
energizing |
energy |
entertain |
entertained |
entertaining |
entertainment |
excite |
excited |
exciting |
excitement |
exhaust |
exhausted |
exhausting |
exhaustion |
fascinate |
fascinated |
fascinating |
fascination |
flatter |
flattered |
flattering |
flattery |
interest |
interested |
interesting |
interest |
intrigue |
intrigued |
intriguing |
intrigue |
move |
moved |
moving |
|
please |
pleased |
pleasing (pleasant) |
pleasure |
relax |
relaxed |
relaxing |
relaxation |
relieve |
relieved |
relieving |
a relief |
satisfy |
satisfied |
satisfying |
satisfaction |
soothe |
soothed |
soothing |
|
surprise |
surprised |
surprising |
a surprise |
tempt |
tempted |
tempting |
temptation |
touch |
touched |
touching |
|
thrill |
thrilled |
thrilling |
a thrill |
.
Negative
verb |
-ed |
-ing |
noun |
|||||
You ____ me! |
I’m _____! |
How _____! |
What _____! |
|||||
aggravate |
aggravated |
aggravating |
aggravation |
|||||
alarm |
alarmed |
alarming |
alarm |
|||||
annoy |
annoyed |
annoying |
annoyance |
|||||
bore |
bored |
boring |
boredom |
|||||
confuse |
confused |
confusing |
confusion |
|||||
depress |
depressed |
depressing |
depression |
|||||
devastate |
devastated |
devastating |
devastation |
|||||
disappoint |
disappointed |
disappointing |
disappointment |
|||||
discourage |
discouraged |
discouraging |
discouragement |
|||||
disgust |
disgusted |
disgusting |
disgust |
|||||
displease |
displeased |
displeasing |
displeasure |
|||||
distress |
distressed |
distressing |
distress |
|||||
disturb |
disturbed |
disturbing |
disturbance |
|||||
embarrass |
embarrassed |
embarrassing |
embarrassment |
|||||
exasperate |
exasperated |
exasperating |
exasperation |
|||||
fatigue |
fatigued |
fatiguing |
fatigue |
|||||
frighten |
frightened |
frightening |
fright |
|||||
frustrate |
frustrated |
frustrating |
frustration |
|||||
horrify |
horrified |
horrifying |
horror |
|||||
insult |
insulted |
insulting |
an insult |
|||||
irritate |
irritated |
irritating |
irritation |
|||||
mortify |
mortified |
mortifying |
mortification |
|||||
overwhelm |
overwhelmed |
overwhelming |
overwhelmingness |
|||||
puzzle |
puzzled |
puzzling |
puzzlement |
|||||
shock |
shocked |
shocking |
a shock |
|||||
sicken |
sickened |
sickening |
sickness |
|||||
terrify |
terrified |
terrifying |
terror |
|||||
threaten |
threatened |
threatening |
a threat |
|||||
tire |
tired |
tiring |
tiredness |
|||||
trouble |
troubled |
troubling |
trouble |
|||||
unsettle |
unsettled |
unsettling |
unsettledness |
|||||
upset |
upset |
upsetting |